Economic History of Indonesia since the order long until the reformation era

Economic History of Indonesia since the Order
Long until the Reformation Era

1. Administration of the Old Order

Since the founding of the Republic of Indonesia, many countries are already significant figures when the economy has formulated appropriate form for Indonesia, either individually or in group discussions.
For example, Bung Hatta himself, during his lifetime he had the idea, that the basis of the Indonesian economy in accordance with the ideals of mutual help is cooperative, but not necessarily all economic activities should be carried out cooperative.
Similarly, the Indonesian economy figures at the time, Sumitro Djojohadikusomo, in a speech in America in 1949, asserted that he aspired was sort of a mixed economy. However, in the subsequent development process agreed upon a new economic form, named as Pancasila Economic System, which also contains elements of pentinga called Economic Democracy.
Regardless of history will tell you that will reflect the real situation ever occurred in Indonesia, according to UUD'45, Indonesian economic system reflected in chapters 23, 27, 33. And 34.
Economic Democracy chosen, because it has positive characteristics that include (Suroso, 1993):
- The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship.
- The branches of production that are important to the State and lives of many people, controlled by the state.
- Earth, water and natural resources contained therein controlled by the state and used for the prosperity of the people.
- Sources of financial wealth and state of agreement used by the people's representative institutions, as well as supervision of wisdom is in anyway representative institutions.
- Citizens have the freedom to choose a job that you want and have the right to work and decent living.
- Property rights are recognized and pemanfaatnnya individual must not conflict with the interests of the community.
- The potential, initiative and creativity of every citizen fully developed within the limits that do not harm the public interest.
- The poor and neglected children, maintained by the government.
Economic system in Indonesia is strongly opposed to a system of Free Fight Liberalism, etatisme (Command Economy) and Monopoly, because the system does not comply with the adopted sitem Indonesian economy (contrary).
Free fight liberalism: freedom Systems business uncontrolled, this system is considered incompatible with Indonesian culture and contrary to the spirit of mutual assistance set forth in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, and can lead to the growing gap between rich and poor.
Etatisme: An understanding in political thought that making the state as the center of power. The state is the axis that drives the political element in a rational tangle, which is strictly controlled by using the instruments of power. The participation of government is too dominant can also be lethal motivation and creativity of the community to be able to grow and compete well.
Monopoly: a form of economic concentration on one particular group, so it does not give the consumer another option to not follow the wishes of the monopoly.
Although in the early development of the Indonesian economy embraces Pancasila economic system, economic democracy, and 'maybe mix', but that does not mean liberal economic system and etatisme never happened in Indonesia. The early 1950's until the 1957's was a liberal mode of existence of historical evidence in the Indonesian economy. Likewise etatisme system, once also gives style economy in the 1960s up to the new order.

2. Administration New Order

New Order is a term like the administration of President Soeharto. New Order replaces the Old Order government led by Sukarno.
New Order lasted from 1968 to 1998. Within that period, Indonesia's economy is growing rapidly, although it is accompanied by rampant corruption in the country. In addition, the gap between rich and poor people also widened.
In 1968, the Assembly was formally inaugurated Suharto for a 5 year term as president, and he was later inducted back in a row in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.
Politics President Suharto started the "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy and domestic Sukarno from the path at the end of his term.
One of the first policy does Indonesia is a member of the United Nations to register again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue cooperation with the United Nations and continued participation in the activities of the United Nations", and a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia received the first time.
In the early stages, Suharto draw a very firm line. Old Order or New Order. Political exclusion - in Eastern Europe often called lustration - committed against persons associated with the Indonesian Communist Party. Criminal sanctions is done by holding the Extraordinary Military Court to prosecute Suharto constructed as a rebel. The court held, and the majority of those involved "dumped" into the island of Buru.
President Soeharto started the "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy of the country and in the path of Sukarno at the end of his term. New Order chose repair and economic development as a primary objective and policies cover administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-educated economists. DPR and MPR did not function effectively. Members and often selected from among the military, especially those close to Sandalwood. This resulted in the aspirations of the people are often less heard by the center. Distribution revenue also unfair because 70% of the revenue of each province each year should be paid to Jakarta, thus widening the development gap between the center and the regions.
During his reign, these policies, and the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale to produce substantial economic growth but uneven in Indonesia. For example, the number of hungry people reduced substantially in the 1970s and 1980s.
Chinese people are also prohibited expression. Since 1967, residents descent regarded as foreigners in Indonesia and subordinate natives, which indirectly also remove their rights. Arts openly lion, celebration of Chinese New Year, and Chinese consumption is prohibited, though later it was championed by the community, especially from Indonesia china china traditional medicine community because the ban will have an impact at all on their prescription drugs that can only be made in writing with language mandarin. They went up to the Supreme Court and the Attorney General finally gave permission Indonesia at that time with a note that china Indonesia bejanji not muster the strength to rebel and overthrow the Indonesian government. For this success, we must pay homage to the naturopathic Indonesian Association (INI) and the members of his board at that time to fight it for the sake of public health china Indonesia and the Indonesian people. Until china Indonesia have little freedom in using the Chinese language.
The only Chinese-language newspaper which allowed the rise is partly Indonesian Daily article written in Indonesian. Daily is managed and supervised by the Indonesian military in this regard is the Armed Forces Indonesian china though some people work well there. Chinese traditional religion is prohibited. As a result, Confucianism lost government recognition.
New Order government argued that the Chinese people when the population reaches approximately 5 million of the total Indonesian people feared to spread the influence of communism in the country. In fact, said the fact that most of them work as dealers, which is certainly contrary to what is taught by communism, which greatly forbid the trade done.

The Chinese kept away from practical politics. Some chose to avoid politics for fear of her safety.

Advantages of the New Order government system
* The development of Indonesia's GDP per capita in 1968 is only U.S. $ 70 in 1996 and has reached more than U.S. $ 1,000
* Successful transmigration
* Successful KB
* Successful combat illiteracy
* Successful self-sufficiency
* Unemployment minimum
* Success Repelita (Five-Year Development Plan) \
* Compulsory Movement Success
* Successful People National Movement Foster Parents
* Success of internal security
* Foreign investors want to invest in Indonesia
* Successful foster a sense of nationalism and love domestic products.

Disadvantages of the New Order Government System
§ liveliness of corruption, collusion and nepotism
§ Development of Indonesia and the emergence of uneven development gap between central and local, partly because of the wealth of most of the area being sucked into the center.
§ The emergence of a sense of dissatisfaction in some areas due to development gap especially in Aceh and Papua.
§ Jealousy among the locals with the migrants who obtain government benefits are quite substantial in the years pertannya.
§ Increasing social inequality caused by unequal income differences for the rich and the poor.
§ Violation of human rights to non-indigenous people (especially the Chinese).
§ silenced criticism and opposition is forbidden.
§ Freedom of the press is very limited, colored by many newspapers and magazines are banned.
§ The use of violence to create security, among others, the program "mysterious shootings".
§ There is no succession plan (decrease of power to the government / president next).
§ According to the Indonesian bureaucracy quality diseased 'Origin Mr Nice', this is the worst mistake of the New Order because without an effective state bureaucracy ruined.
§ The decline in quality because of the level of elite troops are too busy politicking to pay less attention to the welfare of subordinates.

In mid-1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial and economic crisis (for more details see: the Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and the price of oil, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling. Rupiah fell, inflation rose sharply, and accelerated capital movements. The demonstrators, who initially led the student, asking for his resignation. In the midst of mass turmoil widespread anger, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR install it for a term of seven. Suharto then chose his Vice President, BJ Habibie, to become Indonesia's third president.
The main cause of the collapse of the New Order is the monetary crisis in 1997. Since 1997 the Indonesian economy continues to deteriorate along with the financial crisis that hit Asia. Situation continues to deteriorate. Corruption is rampant, while the poverty of the people continues to rise. The occurrence of highly conspicuous social inequality led to the emergence of social unrest. Appears driven by student demonstrations. The main demands of the protesters are economic recovery and reform. Massive demonstrations conducted in Jakarta on May 12, 1998. At that time Trisakti incident occurred, namely me-death of the four students at Trisakti University in clashes with security forces. Four students are Eagle Mulya Lesmana, Hery Hariyanto, Hendriawan, and Hafidhin Royan. The four students who died were then given the title of "Hero of Reform". In response to the reform act, President Suharto promised to be mereshuffle Development Cabinet Reform Cabinet. It also would establish a Reform Committee which is in charge of completing the Election Law, the Law on Political Parties, the Law on the Structure of the MPR, DPR and DPRD, the Antimonopoly Law, and the Anti-Corruption Law. During its development, can not be formed Reform Committee since 14 ministers refused to participate in the Reform Cabinet. The rejection led to President Soeharto resigned.

Suharto's resignation from office in 1998 can be regarded as a sign of the end of the New Order, it was later replaced "Reform Era".

3. Transitional Government

The Asian financial crisis that led to the Indonesian economy weakened and the growing public discontent against the government of Suharto's Indonesia at that time led to massive demonstrations conducted by various organs of student actions in various parts of Indonesia.
The Soeharto government increasingly highlighted after Trisakti Tragedy on May 12, 1998 which sparked riots in May 1998 and then a day later. The student movement also extends almost throughout Indonesia. Under tremendous pressure from within and outside the country, Suharto finally chose to resign from his post.
Transition is a transition between the administration of government Soeharto government to BJ Habibie.

4. Governance Reform

On May 21, 1998 President Suharto resigned as president and handed RI office to the vice president BJ Habibie. This event marked the end of the New Order and the Order of the commencement of the Reformation.

Special Session of the Assembly which confirms Habibie as president, opposed by the wave of demonstrations of tens of thousands of students and people in Jakarta and other cities. The demonstrations culminated in an Semanggi tragedy, which killed 18 people.

The period was marked by the start of the Habibie government cooperation with the International Monetary Fund to help in the economic recovery process. In addition, Habibie also loosen control on the media and freedom of expression.

President BJ Habibie took the initiative to make corrections. A number of political prisoners released. Sri Bintang Pamungkas and Mochtar Pakpahan released, three days after Habibie served. Political prisoners were released in waves. However, some officials Sudjatmiko and People's Democratic Party recently released in the era of President Abdurrahman Wahid. After Habibie freed political prisoners, political prisoners emerged. A number of student activists on trial on charges of insulting the government and insulting the head of state. Insistence that the military hold entangled human rights violations could not take place due to strong political protection. In fact, a number of military officers by the Jakarta Military Court has convicted and fired for involvement in kidnapping, has now been re-seated in the structural position.
When Habibie, Suharto as president replacing dated May 21, 1998, there are five biggest issues that must be faced, namely:
a. future reforms;
b. the future of the Armed Forces;
c. future areas who want to secede from Indonesia;
d. future Suharto, his family, his wealth and his cronies; and
e. the future of the economy and people's welfare.
Here are some of the policies that they put out BJ Habibie in order to respond to demands for reform of the public.
a. Policies in politics
Reform in politics successfully replace five package legislation during the New Order with the three political laws more democratic. Here are three such laws.
1. Law. 2 of 1999 on political parties
2. Law. 3 of 1999 on General Elections.
3. Law. 4 Year 1999 on the Structure and Status of DPR / MPR.
b. In the field of economic policy

To fix the economy slumped, especially in the banking sector, the government established the National Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA). Furthermore, the government issued Law no. 5 Year 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition, and the Law. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection.

c. Freedom of expression and the press

Freedom of expression in society began to rise again. This is evident from the emergence of political parties from various groups and ideologies. Communities can openly express criticism to the government. In addition to the freedom of expression, freedom is also given to the press. Reforms in the press is done by simplifying the application for issuance of business license (License).

d. Implementation of Election
During the Habibie government, successfully held multiparty elections were peaceful and democratic election. The election attended by 48 political parties. Another success is the completion of the reign Habibie East Timor issue. Fretilin attempt to secede from Indonesia getting a response. Habibie government took measures to conduct a poll in East Timor. The referendum was held on August 30, 1999 under the supervision of UNAMET. The results of the poll showed that the majority of the East Timorese people separated from Indonesia. Since then East Timor separated from Indonesia. On May 20, 2002 East Timor gained independence with the full name of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste with its first President Xanana Gusmao of the Fretilin party.

5. Governing Mutual Aid

Mutual Aid Cabinet Cabinet government is the fifth President Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004). This cabinet was sworn in in 2001 and ended his tenure in 2004.
Megawati administration's performance was very disappointing. Megawati did not appear as a president, but rather as party chairman. As a result, the wheels of government do not work out as expected a lot of people and the ideals of reform.

Assessment was made of the Working Group (WG) 50 in the final evaluation Petition Petition 50 years, entitled "Final Notes of 2002, Statement of growing concerns".

As the leader of the nation, according to the Petition 50, President Megawati very easily influenced. In addition, aides in the cabinet looks very solid. It happened because the ministers carry the interests of each party (parties) to which they belong.

6. Indonesian Government Unite

INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT UNITED Volume I (ERA SBY-JK) == (2004-2009)

United Indonesia Cabinet (English: United Indonesia Cabinet) is the Indonesian government cabinet of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla.
This cabinet was formed on October 21, 2004 and ended his tenure in 2009. On December 5, 2005, President Yudhoyono's cabinet reshuffle for the first time, and after further evaluation of the performance of his ministers, the President to revamp both on May 7, 2007.
The composition of the United Indonesia Cabinet in early formation (October 21, 2004), the first overhaul (December 7, 2005), and the second overhaul (May 9, 2007)
In this period, the government implemented several new programs that are intended to help the economy of small communities including direct cash assistance (BLT), PNPM Mandiri and medical treatment. In practice, these programs run in accordance with the targeted though there are still many shortcomings here and there.
INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT UNITED Volume II (ERA SBY - BOEDIONO) == (2009-2014)
United Indonesia Cabinet II (UK: Second United Indonesia Cabinet) is the Indonesian government cabinet of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Boediono. This cabinet comes from the proposed political party proposing SBY-Boediono on the 2009 Presidential election is getting a seat in the House of Representatives (Democratic Party, PKS, PAN, PPP, and PKB) plus the Golkar Party, who joined later, the campaign team of SBY-Boediono on the 2009 Presidential Election , as well as professionals. The composition of the Second United Indonesia Cabinet was announced by the President on October 21, 2009 and sworn in the following day. On May 19, 2010, the President announced a change of Minister of Finance.
In this period, the government, especially through Bank Indonesia established four policies to boost national economic growth, namely:
1. The BI rate
2. Exchange rate
3. Operation monetary
4. Macroprudential policies for macro-prudential liquidity management and capital flows.
With the above economic policies, the government is expected to increase the country's economic growth will also affect the growing prosperity of the Indonesian people.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective Clause adalah clausa yang fungsinya menerangkan kata benda.

Pengertian Adjective Clause di bagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

- Adjective adalah Part of word clause that modifies noun

- Clause adalah kombinasi dari subjek dan predikat tetapi tidak dapat berfungsi.

adjective clause adalah klausa yang digunakan sebagai adjective. Sebagai adjective, adjective clause digunakan sebagai modifier yaitu untuk menerangkan noun dan pronoun, tetapi tidak pernah digunakan sebagai object kalimat.

Adjective clause dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu:

1. Important (defining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi penting bagi antecedent.

2. Unimportant (undefining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi yang tidak penting bagi antece

Clause ini digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lain kepada katabenda (Antecedent). Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan Relative Pronoun, yaitu: who, whom, whose, which.

example :
1. we know a lot of people
they live in california
= we know a lot of people who live in california
                               noun                        adjective clause

2. the man was away on holiday
i wanted to see him
= the man whom i wanted to see was away on holiday
       noun           adjective clause

- Who

digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).

- Whom

digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).

- Which

digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as subject/objek)

- Whose

digunakan untuk kepemilikan

Contoh dari Adjective Clause :

1. Who

The student who doesn’t study seriously will not pass.

2. Whom

The girl whom I introduce to you last week is my student

3. Which

The animal which runs quicly named lion.

4. Whom

The student whose hat is yellow is lazy student

Contoh:

* what she is reading

* that she is reading