Reported Speech/ Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung atau kalimat orang lain yang diulangi dalam bentuk lain oleh pembicara, tanpa menggunakan bentuk yang sama, tapi masih mempertahankan maksud atau isi kalimat aslinya.
Direct Speech adalah bentuk kalimat kutipan asli dalam pembicara atau pendapat seseorang tanpa mengalami perubahan.
Bentuk-Bentuk Direct – Indirect Speech terbagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu:
- Commands (kalimat perintah)
- Statements (kalimat berita)
- Question (kalimat Tanya)
- Commands (kalimat perintah)
Aturan-aturan
1. Jika main clause (direct)menggunakan verb: say maka dalam kalimat Indirect berubah menjadi:
Advise encourage
Ask entreat
Beg explore
Command invite
2. Tenses Sub clause tidak mengalami perubahan walaupun tenses main clause (past)
Jenis-jenis Commands
1. Positive (perintah)
Dalam indirect menggunakan (S+V+to infinitive)
Example:
(D) : Leli Said, “ Study hard, Wahyu!”
(I) : Leli advise Wahyu to study hard.
She says (said): Show me your book, will you?
-Direct Speech
She ask (asked) me to show her my book
-Indirect Speech
(Says atau saidharus diubah menjadi ask atau asked atu tells, told, ordered,commands, commanded)
Kalimat tak langsung untuk commands dibentuk dengan menambahkan “to infinitive” pada kata kerjanya.
Contoh:1. He said, “ Close the window, please.”
He said me to close the window
2. He said, “ Don’t close the window.”
He asked to me not close the window
3. He said, “Be careful on the way.”
He asked me to be careful on the way
2. Negative (Larangan)
Dalam pola Indirect adalah:
(S + V + O + not to infinitive)
Contoh :
(D) : “Don’t cheat”, the teacher said to his student
(I) : The teacher warned his students not to cheat
(I) : The teacher forbide his students to cheat.
- She said : “ Please don’t put your book on my desk!”
- She asked him not to put his book on her desk
2. Statements ( Kalimat berita)
Dalam Indirect menggunakan conjunction “that” = bahwa
Jika sub clause (Direct) berupa suatu kebenaran umum, maka subclause (indirect)
Tidak mengalami perubahan tenses main clause (past)
Contoh:
(d) : “The sun rises in the east, “said teacher
(e) : The teacher said (that) the sun rises in the east
Bob says to me: “I will give you my magazine.”
Bob says (to me) (that) he will give me his magazine.”(present)
He said: She went to her father yesterday. Past (V2) (V2)
He said (that) she had gone to her father the day before. Past (V2) Had +V3
Would, should, ought to, had better, might, could, used to, (must) tidak berubah, conditional type 2, past tense setelah wish, would rather, it is time juga tidak berubah.
- She said : “ He might be at home now.”
She said that he might be at home then.
- He said : “ You must start at once.”
He said that she must /had to start once.
Perubahan-perubahan keterangan waktu (adverbs):
Today = that day
Now = then
Yesterday = the day before
Tomorrow = the next day/ the following day
Next week = the following week
Kalimat tak langsung yang berasal dari kalimat berita sering ditandai dengan konjungsi “that”. Konjungsi ini dapat dihilangkan tanpa mempengaruhi arti
Contoh:
- He says, “The war must be ended?”
He says that the war must be ended.
He says the war must be ended
3.Kalimat Tanya (Question)
Aturan-Aturan
- Jika main clause (direct) menggunakan verb : say maka dalam indirect berubah menjadi ask(dalam main clause: ada object/tidak ada inquire
Wonder- dalam main clause tidak ada object want to know
- Question words
Dalam indirect menggunakan conjunction Question word tersebut
Contoh:
-Who called me yesterday?” said Toni
Toni wondered who had called him the day before
-I said: “where can I buy this shirt?”
-I asked where I could buy that shirt.
3. Yes/no Question (Kalimat Tanya)
Yes/no Question (kalimat Tanya yang bisa dijawab dengan yes/no)
Kalimat langsung bentuk yes or no question dibentuk dengan menambahkan konjungsi “if” atau “whether” (apakah) dan mengubah susunan kalimat Tanya menjadi kalimat berita.
Contoh:
-He asks me, “Are the foreigner from Australia?”
-He asks me if the foreigner are from Australia.
-He asks me, “will the lady move to Jakarta?”
-He asks me whether the lady will move to Jakarta.
4. Pronominal Question (Kalimat Tanya yang menggunakan kata Tanya)
Contoh:
-He asks me, “Where are they going?”
-He asks me where they are going.
-He asks me, Why is Heri absent?”
-He asks me why Heri is absent
A. Berikut ini contoh-contoh statement sentence
(a) Jika reporting verb dalam bentuk simple present, present perfect atau present future, maka tense kata kerjaindirect speech tidak berubah:
Direct speech Indirect speech
-She says, “I am ill”. –She says that she is ill
-She says, “I was ill”. –She says that she was ill
-You say, “I am ready”. –You say tht you are ready
(b) Jika reporting verb dalam bentuk simple past atau past perfect, maka tense kata kerja indirect speechnya berubah sbgai berikut:
(1) Simple present menjadi simple past
Direct speech Indirect speech
-He said, “I am ill.” -He said that he was ill.
-She thought, “Heis absent.” -She thought that he was absent
2) Present Continous menjadi Past Continous
Direct speech Indirect speech
-He said, “My sister is reading a book.” -He said that her sister was reading a book
-She said, “It is raining.” -He said that it was raining
-John said, They are coming.” -John said that they were
sumber : http://sitifhatimah.wordpress.com/bahasa-inggris/
http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-perubahan-tenses-dan-contoh.html
